What did the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution establish?

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1919 and established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. This amendment made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating liquors, effectively outlawing alcohol consumption throughout the country. The goal of prohibition was to reduce crime and corruption, improve health, and promote morality; however, it led to various unintended consequences, including the rise of organized crime and speakeasies.

The other options represent significant U.S. constitutional changes but do not pertain to the Eighteenth Amendment. For instance, the amendment granting women's suffrage is the Nineteenth Amendment; the amendment providing for the direct election of Senators is the Seventeenth Amendment, and the Sixteenth Amendment established the federal income tax. Each of these amendments addresses different social issues or governmental structures, demonstrating the broad scope of constitutional amendments throughout U.S. history.